Violent Acts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Violent Acts - Essay Example act of violence and torture on the peasant women of his hacienda, and sometimes on his wife, Clara reflects the greater violence afflicted on the people by the military regime after the election. There is a kind of ‘poetic justice’ that Allende seems to have maintained in the depiction of violence in her novel. Colonel Esteban Garcia’s raping and torturing of Alba somehow completes the circle of injustice that Alba’s grandfather had done on Garcia’s grandmother and father. In the first half of the story, Clara’s sister Rosa accidentally dies of poison that was meant for her father. In both the cases, Rosa and Alba suffer for no crime of theirs. They were innocent, just like the hundreds of men, women and children of Chile who were victims of violence and bloodshed in the 70s for no sin of theirs. Though Allende nowhere directly mentions the ‘capital city’ in the novel to be Chile, it is quite understandable from the depiction of f acts and events. Her attitude to violence and its long term consequences is explicit in the writings of Alba, "The day my grandfather tumbled Pancha Garci ­a among the rushes of the riverbank, he added another link to the chain of events that had to complete itself. Afterward the grandson of the woman who was raped repeats the gesture with the granddaughter of the rapist, and perhaps forty years from now my grandson will knock Garci ­as granddaughter down among the rushes, and so on down through the centuries in an unending tale of sorrow, blood, and love." (Allende, 432). Allende’s fear of never-ending violence grapping mankind in the coming years surfaces when she addresses crime as a ‘chain of events’ that will keep on growing bigger and bigger through revenge and retribution. More revenge will lead to more violence which will ultimately bring doom to the entire mankind. So Allende looks to the future with hopes for a violence-free peaceful world when Alba feels like forgiving her torturer at the end. Other

Perceived risk & gambling Essay Example for Free

Perceived risk gambling Essay As of 2008, there were more than 2,000 internet gambling sites worldwide; with combined revenue of these websites being estimated to be north of $18 billion (Overview of Gambling Regulations, 2008). Due to its obscene rate of growth, potential harm to its consumers and growing ease of accessibility, internet gambling is viewed by many as a major cause for concern. Don’t expect the apprehension towards online gambling to ease up any time soon. Casinos, of both the online and brick-and-mortar variety are expected to aggressively increase their marketing budget over the next half decade. With online gambling recently legalized in Nevada, and many states preparing to follow suit, Simon Holliday, director at H2 Gambling Capital predicts that nearly $4 billion could be spent by the internet gaming sector over the next five years (Jackpot! , 2012). The Gambling Act of 2005 was introduced to modernize gambling regulations. The act brought increased marketing freedom for gambling companies, but only along with responsibility regarding the advocacy of the potential dangers of addiction. It also required the implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) policy and the anticipated goal was to introduce, acknowledge and bring to light to substantial harm which can stem from problematic gambling. According to the Gambling Act of 2005, in order for a company to obtain their license and legally operate in the marketplace they had to ensure that: i. Gambling is conducted in a fair and open way; ii. Children and other vulnerable people are protected from being harmed or exploited by gambling; and iii. Assistance is made available to people who are, or may be, affected by problems related to gambling. (GamCare: gambling research, education treatment) With the changing landscape in the industry, it is fair to question whether these regulations are still relevant, and more even importantly, whether companies are still operating within the bounds of the Gambling Act of 2005. Technological advances have led to online websites readily available around the clock, potentially made gambling available to minors (via online casinos, online sports betting) and lost control of potential hazards concerning online users, those being: sobriety (users drunk/high while on a online gaming site); awareness (many ads online promoting gambling, very few raising awareness); and whom is using the sites (minors, youth, seniors, or problematic/addictive users). All of this unsurprisingly raises concerns regarding whether the current regulations are equipped to handle both current and future gambling disputes. Gambling consumption has no doubt increased over the past decade, and will continue to do so for the foreseeable future as regulations are expected to loosen while the marketing budget of online casinos are expected to abruptly expand (Jackpot! , 2012). The bulk of the marketing expenditures will be geared towards youth via interactive media sources; interactive online ad-agencies figure to be the main beneficiary. Though casinos will continue marketing to those who frequent physically existing casinos (a crowd mainly over 50) via television, magazine and billboard advertisements, the majority of the expanded marketing budget figures to be aimed at online users – the vast majority of which are in their 20’s (Jackpot, 2012). There seems to be an array of ethical concerns tied into all of this – whether children and â€Å"other vulnerable people† are still protected from potential harm, how readily available is assistance to those who are affected and is it being outweighed by the onslaught on pro-gambling marketing, concerns regarding online gambling (sobriety, minors, problem identification), and ultimately whether the advocacy is still a priority. A widespread fact in the gambling industry is that 20% of the gambling population accounts for 80% of the gambling industry’s revenue (Galanda, 2007), essentially implying that when evaluating the entire gambling population, 20% are pouring a considerable amount of money into the industry and could potentially be labelled as problematic gamblers. With casinos paying more money and attention to marketing, and marketing research, they are able to identify the age, demographics, frequency and income of their market. Via frequent gambler cards, visas and other channels (surveys for points/credits, casino identification/reloadable slot cards), casinos are able to pick and choose who they zero their marketing efforts in on, whether that be seniors, twenty-somethings or potentially the 20% we earlier identified as problematic gamblers. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) was incorporated into the Gambling Act (2005) as a means of regulatory control and functions as a built-in, self-regulating instrument intended to designate ethical standards to which companies must adhere to. Gambling companies possessing information about their customers, and using this information to formulate a marketing strategy and plan, raises ethical concerns and seeds the question of whether this type of behaviour corresponds to the regulations and ethical policies within CSR. Three main differences between gambling now and nearly a decade ago when the Gambling Act was introduced are: (1) distribution channels have increased accessibility to gambling and exposure to gambling promotion; (2) the technological innovation developed by online casinos is tremendously exceeding government control efforts; and (3) gambling has simply become an international phenomenon – the gambling population is aggressively expanding (Social Marketing Problem Gambling, 2011). Though the effects and consequences of problem gambling are more extreme and common than ever, the reasons described above explain why it is so difficult for government to control the issue, and moreover why the trend is currently liberalizing ideologies rather than attacking the corporations and addressing the underlying issues.

Adorno: Semi-Formation as Cultural Reconstruction of Society :: Culture Cultural Papers

Adorno: Semi-Formation as Cultural Reconstruction of Society ABSTRACT: The apprehension of the culture industry in its totality, as it is presented in Adorno's Dialectic of Enlightenment, makes it necessary to turn to his Theory of Self-Formation, where the cultural domain of the constellation of society has an explicit formative dimension. The cultural formation, the German Bildung, expresses such a prism. It is not a national peculiarity, but it translates in the experience of delay of the German bourgeois society as the formative dimension of culture, generally hidden in the social constitution, facilitating the basis of immanent criticism. In the State interventionist society that follows the liberal order, with the manipulation of the totalitarian State and the society of mass consumption, the productive process does not tolerate the formative experience of autonomy: there is a social reconstruction of culture as culture industry, which turns out to be a political concept. Here there is not absence, but an eclipse of formation. It is semi -formation: only integration, without autonomy. When universality, instead of residing in ideals formed within culture formation, resides on universalization of given cultural goods, the mercantile ideals only integrate the masses. The culture industry is the chore of what appears as the cultural construction of society, in terms of the integrating semi-formation. The disintegration of the working class and its reconstruction en masse are a result of the formation process of which the culture industry is a part. Formation is concealed because the social construction is confounded with the cultural construction; society is itself ideology. The social organization obstructs the experience of the social formative labor in the integration. Society appears to be an extra-productive socialization. In the Dialectic of Enlightenment (1985), written with Horkheimer, Adorno analyzed the social formation of a State interventionist order, that followed the earlier liberal one. To the authors, then emigrated to the USA, the north-American experience of mass culture complemented the experience of cultural manipulation of the totalitarian fascism, conditioning the famous conception of culture industry. The manipulation of the masses by the totalitarian fascist State in its function as the main economic agent would be found again in the consumers' society. Such society, apparently did not need the support of a legitimating ideology. By representing the fulfillment of ideals as consumers goods the society itself becomes ideology. The rise of the living standards of the inferior classes, materially reprehensible and socially regretful, reflects itself on the hypocrite expansion of the spirit.

Cyberbullying

In this study this student will research the negative psychological impacts associated with cyber bullying effecting high school students in the Central Texas area. The advancement of technology as well as the Increased accessibility of both the internet and the new age technology raises a problem associated with cyber bullying among High School Students.By comparing the differences between traditional school yard lulling to the new age cyber bullying we are able to see the psychological impact effecting our high school students and the negative ramifications it can cause with one ending result leading to suicide. This study will take a look at the mall focus group consisting of high school students through the quantitative research method associated with questionnaire surveys as well as qualitative analysis in the form of face to face surveys.The study is to show the importance needed to raise the necessary awareness of cyber bullying we are able to Identify, isolate and prevent the tuitions that leads to and causes cyber bullying among our high school students therefore drastically lowering the psychological impacts which leads to students suicide associated with cyber bullying. Upon completion of the identification process we are then ready to establish the prevention of cyber bullying which Is essentially the major concern.Age of Cyber Bullying Traditionally, bullying would consist of an Individual or a group of Individuals targeting a student at school that appeared to be weaker than them; to intentionally exert physical and psychological power over their victim. However, today's technologically savvy bullies can torment victims for hours for the mere entertainment of hurting another person.While some may argue there Is no Impact of cyber bullying to our high school students due to the lack of no physical evidence although it's emotional and psychological effects are devastating for the victim and Unforgettably there has been an increase in media coverage especially focusing on the negative impact and the vulnerability relating to cyber bullying leading these high school students to the notion that the answers to their pain is in fact the sausages they are receiving from these bullies to end their lives.With the new age technology as well as the never ending seek of social acceptance from our youth in today's society, cyber bullying can devastating and catastrophic damage to a high school students identity and self-esteem. The victims of cyber bullying may suffer from psychological effects such as difficulty with time healing emotional scars due to being cyber bullied. A case of cyber bullying that lead to another teen suicide struck the nation worldwide and brought to light the psychological impact of intense cyber lulling was the case of 13 year old Megan Meier.In Mean's case of cyber bullying her bullying began via her Namespace account with a boy named Josh. These individuals spent weeks online chatting with Megan and the two of them exchanged flirtatious messages. Unfortunately these events turned tragic with Megan began receiving nasty messages from Josh which included the youth stating the world would be a better place' without her. Upon Mean's suicide conclusion evidence was discovered that the true identity of Josh being that of the ten's neighbors mother. (Times Topics: Megan Meier, 2011). Cyberbullying ?For decades, physical bullying has been a consistent problem for young people attending school. Yet the rapid growth of the Internet has redefined how students pick on one another, giving the traditional bullying a new form. Cyberbullying is now the new era of bullying; where faces can be hidden and hurtful words can be stamped for the world to see. Since the creation of social networking sites, online bullying has become a global phenomenon and has been affecting hundreds of lives worldwide, especially lives of young adults.Nobody deserves to go through a situation like this and a solution needs to be found so lives can be saved and the Internet can again be a safe place for everybody. Social networking websites have changed the dynamic of the Internet in recent years (Top 10, 2012). The old Internet cycle, which was only an outlet for news articles, is gone, it has now become much more than just news and information, it is an outlet for entertainment and to communicate with people globally in the click of a button. There are a variety of networking websites; however, the most popular and influential worldwide are Facebook and Twitter (Top 10, 2012).Quite shockingly are the statistics about social networking and Facebook numbers alone, are enough to prove the huge impact that these sites can have a huge impact on society (Honigman, 2012). Facebook has 850 million active users every month and 85% of the women that uses Facebook claim that they have negative attitudes towards their online â€Å"friends† or more so they should be called acquaintances. Most disturbing is the fact that 90% of all sex related links are shared with more frequency than any other link (Honigman, 2012).With its pros and cons, social networking has become more of a life style than anything else (Smarty, 2013). On the positive side, communication has become simple and easy; people from all over the world have the ability to communicate with one another no matter where they are. Fo r business to customer relationships there have been improvements, due to the fact that businesses can now market their products or services in an easier and more affordable way and customers are able to constantly be part of their favorite stores and businesses, receiving often updates and promotions.Social networking allows people with same interests come together to share their ideas and feelings, in those called â€Å"groups† in which most of the time, the group's members do not even know each other in real life (Smarty, 2013). On the negative side, social network takes away the real face-to-face communication and that exciting feeling of receiving a letter in the mail from a distant friend or family member (Cosmato, 2013).In person socialization in a lot of cases, is turning into an almost virtual scenario, where people meet with friends but are constantly checking their phones for the latest updates on social network. An issue with virtual communication is that gives pe ople more confidence to say no or to argue about an issue. This can disguise the personality of a person, because they are really hiding their feelings and insecurities. A major problem that is contributed by the easy access to social networking is the issue of cyberbullying.Inappropriate messages and contents can be quickly spread all over these websites with the intent to harass and damage someone’s reputation (Cosmato, 2013). Just as if real life bullying was not enough, cyberbullying is now, the newest form of destruction and interruption that someone can perform against another human beings life (Furman, 2013). Teens and even children are hidden behind their computers and cell phones with the malicious objective to attack others with hurtful words and/or images that can cause permanent damage.There is various forms that cyberbullying can be performed, such as sending messages, phone calls, impersonating someone, creating websites and blogs about the victims, and taking v ideos or pictures of a person in order to embarrass them (Furman, 2013). Instagram is becoming the place of choice for cyberbullies when it comes to images (Furman, 2013). Pictures of the victims are being posted together with a question that requires other people to vote, such as he or she is stupid or fat, and later, the picture is sent to the victim that will never forget the horrible insult.Being bullied online even if by a single individual is like being bullied by the whole world, considering that anyone can have access to the content and anything posted online spreads like a wildfire. Society needs to be aware that cyberbullying is a problem that affects every country, not only the United States and it needs to end (Furman, 2013). As a matter of fact, in a recent study, China was ranked the number one country for cyberbullying, 70% of young people in China claimed to already have experienced online bullying against them, followed by Singapore with 58%, and India with 53% (She tty, 2012).According to the charity Ditch the Label’s Annual Cyberbullying Survey, even though thousands of distasteful pictures are published and shared on Instagram, still the most popular websites around the world for online bullying are Facebook, Twitter, and Ask. fm (George, 2013). The survey sampled over 10,000 adolescents from the age of thirteen to twenty-two years of age, from different countries and seven in ten of them have experienced cyberbullying.The numbers are alarming and worthy of attention, 37% of surveyed suffered frequently cyberbullying and 20% suffered extremely on a daily basis. Sadly, the study numbers also show that 70% of young people around the world that have been victims of cyberbullying suffer from problems with self-esteem and socialization (George, 2013). In addition, teens from Ireland actually consider cyberbullying much worse than real life bullying (Croffey, 2012). Having in mind that it is much harder to run away from the virtual worldâ⠂¬â„¢s abuse because of its frequency and lack of place limit (Coffrey, 2012).Often cyberbullying is considered worse than traditional bullying in light of that most of the time it is done anonymously. The audience can easily be global and there is no place, such as school since all it is needed to be performed is a cell phone or computer, and the victim can be attacked 24 hours a day 7 days a week (Traditional, 2013). Traditional or online, bullying in general is a horrific problem to society and an even bigger issue when directed to those that are going through adolescence (Traditional, 2013).Teen years are the crucial phase to a person's development and unfortunately, at this specific period a variety of emotions take place leaving them vulnerable and insecure about themselves. The process of being a victim of online bullying immediately makes them believe that something is wrong with them and these insecurities together with cyberbullying can lead to terrible effects in adolesce nts (Traditional, 2013). Additionally, cyberbullying can have psychological and physical effects to the victim (Nelson, 2010). Although, no contact happens in real life, the physical effects are still present.Kids that suffer these attacks can experience physical effects; like headaches, difficulty sleeping, stomach problems, and many more issues. Side effects that cause harm to the individual’s mental health are very concerning and there is a diversity of psychological effects that an individual can suffer from online bullying (Nelson, 2010) Fear plays a big role in the psychological effects associated with cyberbullying, where the person fears the situation and also develop a fear of using technology (Nelson, 2010). A sudden change in the behaviortowards computers or cell phones where the individual becomes afraid of having any contact with technology devices fearing that something could happen is a sign that something is affecting them (Nelson, 2010). Another effect is iso lation in which they develop other symptoms like low self-esteem, and depression that sometimes can lead to suicide (Sherman, 2011). In most cases isolation is the first effect after their issue with fear, making the victim want to avoid school or social events, with a feeling of being alone against the acts of bullying.In consequence of that, low self-esteem starts to develop and can easily progress into depression. Particularly, depression is a serious issue among teenagers and it can result in episodes of over-eating or refusing to eat, the use of alcohol and illegal drugs, bursts of anger or sadness, poor performance in school, and the most distressing, thoughts of suicide (Sherman, 2011). As indicated by the National Health Institute victims of cyberbullying have significantly higher levels of depression than victims of traditional bullying (Bock & Miller, 2010).Lamentably, depression in some cases, can result in suicidal thoughts and a research from Yale University that includ ed 13 different countries says that teens are 2 to 9 times more likely to cogitate suicide if victim of bullying, especially online (Bullying, 2008). To compliment, another study done by The Adolescent Communication Institute of Annenberg Public Policy Center showed that in the United States alone, kids that are victims of cyberbullying are four times more likely to think about suicide when compared to non-victims (Romer, 2010).Cases of suicide linked to cyberbullying are frequently focus of news headlines worldwide (Edwards, 2013). A report shows that every year 4,500 kids take their lives in consequence of cyberbullying (Laird, 2012). Suicide is the third leading cause of teen's death in the United States and in Australia; suicide is the second leading cause, staying behind of only motor vehicle accidents (Laird, 2012). Ask. fm, a social networking website from Europe where half of its subscribers are under the age of eighteen, is linked to nine suicide cases that happened between September 2012 and September 2013 (Edward, 2013).In addition, these nine cases of suicide are important to demonstrate to society, the global dimension that cyberbullying has taken over the years and how it is affecting kids from all over the world (Edward, 2013). In other for this global phenomenon to stop, the whole world needs to come together as one, and fortunately, 80% of people worldwide are aware of the problem and agree that parents and schools are the fundamental pieces in the prevention of these mean acts (Smith, 2012).In some countries, the rates of parents that claim to be actively conscious of the situation are high, such as 91% in Indonesia and 83% in Poland; with that being a major step for the dissolution of this problem (Smith, 2012). Besides parents, schools are very important for this process, since kids usually spend more hours in school than anywhere else except at home (Battista, 2011). Schools have an important role in educating kids and teens about cyberbul lying, teaching them to have mutual respect for individuals, independent of race or gender.Even more, they need to educate kids about how the inappropriate use of technology can deeply affect someone’s life and that even though cyberbullying is an online practice, can still be brought up to justice with harsh consequences (Battista, 2011). Equally important is the need of a reform in international legislative, where all countries should be in accordance to better perform against cyberbullying acts (Elder, 2011).Unfortunately, these procedure is not as easy at it sounds. From a total of 196 countries, only 45 have some type of law that includes online bullying (Elder, 2011). Some countries, like the United States, have not yet reach a law agreement among its states to combat cyberbullying; furthermore, 28 out of 50 states in the country do not even have included cyberbullying in its traditional bullying law so far (Hinduja, 2013).Finally, social networking websites should allo w users the option to block anonymous messages; doing so, harm could be avoided and potential victims saved. After all, these websites have evolved through the years, becoming a global sensation and now influencing many lives around the world. Some individuals, mostly teens, suffer the negative impacts of social networking through cyberbullying that can leave lifetime scars.Innumerous of them chose to take their lives, leaving behind families and friends with anxiety that they did not do anything to help the victim. Cyberbullying needs to be stopped before it starts, and that is why families and schools, worldwide, needs to come together and do everything on their powers to stop this heartless attacks. Moreover, the legislative system of every country should change their laws regarding online bullying and come to a global agreement, so kids and teens can live in a better and safer place.

R.M.’s symptoms Essay

1. Compare her VS with those of a healthy person at her same age. R.M.’s temperature is low: 96.8 F and normal range is 97.8 -99 F R.M.’s blood pressure is elevated: 142/84 and normal range is 120/80 R.M.’s heart rate is low: 52 and normal range is 60-100 R.M.’s respiratory rate is on the low end of normal: 12 and normal range is 12-25. 2. List eight general questions you might ask R.M. to assist in determining what is going on with her. Does your family history of thyroid, adrenal, or pituitary disease? Have your menstrual periods been altered? What have your sleep patterns been like? Have you been exceptionally nervous? How has your appetite been over the past 6 months Have you had weight fluctuation over the past 6 months Is there a history of diabetes in your family? Have you had any radiation therapy to your head and or neck? 3. You know that potential causes for some of R.M.’s symptoms include depression, hypothyroidism, anemia, cardiac disease, fluid and electrolyte imbalance, and allergies. As part of your screening procedures, describe how you would begin to investigate which of these conditions probably do not account for R.M.’s symptoms. As part of screening procedure, e began our investigation by focusing on auscultation of the heart and lung sounds for sign and symptoms of cardiac disease or problem. However, there are no abnormalities present with R.M.’s heart. According to R.M.’s symptoms, it is clear that she does not have any signs of cardiac disease, symptoms of allergies, and fluid and electrolyte imbalance. R.M. has symptoms of hypothyroidism, anemia, and depression. 4. Unnecessary diagnostic tests are expensive. What tests do you think would  be the most appropriate for R.M., and why? We think that thyroxine, (T4), and pituitary thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) will be appropriate for R.M. because this test will confirm the diagnosis of thyroid failure. Cholesterol levels need to be checked and also other blood tests needs to be performed to detect levels of calcitonin, calcium, prolactin, and thyroglobulin and check for anemia and liver function. All these tests can be affected by hypothyroidism. 5. Interpret R.M.’S laboratory results. 6. The family practitioner affirms a diagnostic of hypothyroidism. With this diagnosis, what other signs and symptoms would you want to investigate? Other signs and symptoms we would want to investigate include impaired memory, depression, elevated blood cholesterol level, irregular menstrual periods, and stiffness or swelling in the joints (Mayo, 2014). http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothyroidism/basics/symptoms/con-20021179 7. The family practitioner prescribes levothyroxine (Synthroid) 1.7 mcg/Kg body weigh/day. At this time. R.M. weighs 130 pounds. What should be her daily dose of Levothyroxine in milligrams? How would her prescription read?

This is about how Oedipus symbolized mankind

This is about how Oedipus symbolized mankind "Home is where the horror is." The word "home" holds a different feeling for everyone. Some people embrace the security and warmth they feel at home. While others loathe the notion. In "Oedipus the King", Oedipus finds terror that occur in his own home and family. A prophet told Laius and Jocasta, Oedipus' parents, that their son would kill his father and marry his mother. So they have a messenger send him to put him on a mountain to kill him. However, he gives Oedipus to the king and queen to Creon. When he grows up, he hears the prophecy that his birth parents heard and left Creon. While rraveling to Thebes, he killed his father not knowing he was the King of Thebes. When he arrives to Thebes, he solves the riddle of the Sphinx and becomes king. He met Jocasta and married shortly after and had children.Oedipus slaying the sphinx. Attic red-figured leky...Oedipus finds out the mystery that he is the murderer of his father and married his mother. As a result, Jocasta kills herself an d Oedipus stabs his eyes out. Through the play, Oedipus' life was determined by destiny, Oedipus displayed great thinker, and gained wisdom through suffering. As a result, Oedipus in Sophocles' play Oedipus the King is a symbolic figure for all mankind.In the play Oedipus showed that he is a great thinker. For example, Oedipus solved the riddle of the Spinx. He showed that he is a quick thinker from solving the riddle and defeating the monster that was a burden on Thebes. The priest says to Oedipus:You came to us once and liberated our city, you freed us from the tribute which we paid that cruel singer, the Sphinx. You did this with no extra knowledge you got from us, you had...

Heart Rot Tree Diseaseâ€Prevention and Control

Heart Rot Tree Disease- Prevention and Control In trees, heart rot is caused by a fungal disease that causes the center of the trunk and branches to decay. The most obvious symptom is the presence of mushrooms or fungal growths, called conks, on the surface of the trunk or limbs. Most hardwood species can be afflicted with heart rot, and it can be a major problem for the logging and lumber industry since the center heartwood is the most valuable wood in a hardwood tree.   Causes of Heart Rot in Trees Heart rot in living trees can be caused by many different fungal agents and pathogens that can enter the tree through open wounds and exposed inner bark wood to infiltrate the center core of the tree- the heartwood. Heartwood  makes up most of a trees inner wood and support structure, so over time, this rot can cause the tree to fail and collapse. Heartwood cells have some resistance to decay but depend  on a barrier of protection from the bark and outside living tissue. Heart rot can occur in many hardwoods and other deciduous species but is especially common in oaks infected with the  I. dryophilus  and  P. everhartii decay fungi.  All deciduous trees can get heart rot,  while resinous conifers have some extra resistance. More on Heartwood It should be noted that heartwood is genetically programmed to spontaneously separate from living wood tissues that surround it.  Once heartwood formation has begun to lay down annual layers and increase in volume, the heartwood quickly becomes the largest part of the trees structure by volume.  When that living barrier of protection surrounding the heartwood fails, the resulting disease in the heartwood causes it to soften. It quickly becomes structurally weaker and prone to breakage. A mature tree that has a large volume of heartwood is more at risk than a young tree, simply because its heartwood constitutes more of its structure.   Symptoms of Heart Rot Usually, a conk or mushrooming fruiting body on the surface of the tree is the first sign at the site of infection.  A useful rule of thumb suggests that a cubic foot of inner heartwood wood has decayed for each conk produced- there is a lot of bad wood behind that mushroom, in other words. Fortunately, though, heart rot fungi do not invade living wood of healthy trees. Other than the resulting structural weakness heart rot creates, a tree can otherwise look quite healthy even though it is riddled with heart rot.   Economic Costs Heart rot is a major factor influencing the  economics of logging high-value lumber, although it is a natural  consequence in many older forests. The heartwood of tree is where the valuable lumber exists, and a badly rotten tree is of no value to the timber industry. A hardwood tree that lives long enough will likely deal with heart rot at some point, since it is a natural part of the trees life cycle, especially in native forests. A very old tree will almost certainly suffer storm damage at some point that will allow fungi to enter and begin the process of heart rot. In some cases, entire forests may be at risk if, for example, a catastrophic storm has caused major damage at some time in the past. The fungi spread very slowly within a tree, so it may be many years after the initial fungal infection that serious weakness becomes evident.   Heart rot is prevalent throughout the world, and it affects all  hardwood  trees. It can be very hard to prevent and control, although a tree that is carefully monitored over its entire lifetime may avoid it.   Prevention and Control of Heart Rot As long as a tree is growing vigorously, rot will be confined to a small central core within the tree. This behavior is called tree wood compartmentalization. But if the tree is weakened and fresh wood exposed by severe pruning or storm damage, decay fungi can advance into more and more of the trees heartwood. There is no economically feasible fungicide to use on a tree that hosts the heart rot fungi. The best way to prevent heart rot in your hardwood tree is to keep it healthy using proper management techniques: Minimize pruning wounds that expose large areas of wood.Shape trees at an early age so major branch removal will not be necessary later.Remove broken branch stubs following storm damage.Have trees you suspect of heart rot checked by an arborist to determine if sufficient live wood is present for structural safety.Check trees every few years to be certain new growth is maintaining a  sound structure. Large trunks and main branches with extensive decay may have little sound wood to support the tree.

75 Contronyms (Words with Contradictory Meanings)

75 Contronyms (Words with Contradictory Meanings) 75 Contronyms (Words with Contradictory Meanings) 75 Contronyms (Words with Contradictory Meanings) By Mark Nichol The English language includes an interesting category of words and phrases called contronyms (also spelled contranyms, or referred to as autoantonyms) terms that, depending on context, can have opposite or contradictory meanings. When you use these words, be sure the context clearly identifies which meaning is intended: 1. Apology: A statement of contrition for an action, or a defense of one 2. Aught: All, or nothing 3. Bill: A payment, or an invoice for payment 4. Bolt: To secure, or to flee 5. Bound: Heading to a destination, or restrained from movement 6. Buckle: To connect, or to break or collapse 7. Cleave: To adhere, or to separate 8. Clip: To fasten, or detach 9. Consult: To offer advice, or to obtain it 10. Continue: To keep doing an action, or to suspend an action 11. Custom: A common practice, or a special treatment 12. Dike: A wall to prevent flooding, or a ditch 13. Discursive: Moving in an orderly fashion among topics, or proceeding aimlessly in a discussion 14. Dollop: A large amount (British English), or a small amount 15. Dust: To add fine particles, or to remove them 16. Enjoin: To impose, or to prohibit 17. Fast: Quick, or stuck or made stable 18. Fine: Excellent, or acceptable or good enough 19. Finished: Completed, or ended or destroyed 20. First degree: Most severe in the case of a murder charge, or least severe in reference to a burn 21. Fix: To repair, or to castrate 22. Flog: To promote persistently, or to criticize or beat 23. Garnish: To furnish, as with food preparation, or to take away, as with wages 24. Give out: To provide, or to stop because of a lack of supply 25. Go: To proceed or succeed, or to weaken or fail 26. Grade: A degree of slope, or a horizontal line or position 27. Handicap: An advantage provided to ensure equality, or a disadvantage that prevents equal achievement 28. Help: To assist, or to prevent or (in negative constructions) restrain 29. Hold up: To support, or to impede 30. Lease: To offer property for rent, or to hold such property 31. Left: Remained, or departed 32. Let: Allowed, or hindered 33. Liege: A feudal lord, or a vassal 34. Literally: Actually, or virtually 35. Mean: Average or stingy, or excellent 36. Model: An exemplar, or a copy 37. Off: Deactivated, or activated, as an alarm 38. Out: Visible, as with stars showing in the sky, or invisible, in reference to lights 39. Out of: Outside, or inside, as in working out of a specific office 40. Overlook: To supervise, or to neglect 41. Oversight: Monitoring, or failing to oversee 42. Peer: A person of the nobility, or an equal 43. Presently: Now, or soon 44. Put out: Extinguish, or generate 45. Puzzle: A problem, or to solve one 46. Quantum: Significantly large, or a minuscule part 47. Quiddity: Essence, or a trifling point of contention 48. Quite: Rather (as a qualifying modifier), or completely 49. Ravel: To entangle, or to disentangle 50. Refrain: To desist from doing something, or to repeat 51. Rent: To purchase use of something, or to sell use 52. Rock: An immobile mass of stone or figuratively similar phenomenon, or a shaking or unsettling movement or action 53. Sanction: To approve, or to boycott 54. Sanguine: Confidently cheerful, or bloodthirsty 55. Scan: To peruse, or to glance 56. Screen: To present, or to conceal 57. Seed: To sow seeds, or to shed or remove them 58. Shop: To patronize a business in order to purchase something, or to sell something 59. Skin: To cover, or to remove 60. Skinned: Covered with skin, or with the skin removed 61. Splice: To join, or to separate 62. Stakeholder: One who has a stake in an enterprise, or a bystander who holds the stake for those placing a bet 63. Strike: To hit, or to miss in an attempt to hit 64. Table: To propose (in British English), or to set aside 65. Temper: To soften, or to strengthen 66. Throw out: To dispose of, or to present for consideration 67. Transparent: Invisible, or obvious 68. Trim: To decorate, or to remove excess from 69. Trip: A journey, or a stumble 70. Unbending: Rigid, or relaxing 71. Variety: A particular type, or many types 72. Wear: To endure, or to deteriorate 73. Weather: To withstand, or to wear away 74. Wind up: To end, or to start up 75. With: Alongside, or against Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:"Based in" and "based out of"Ten Yiddish Expressions You Should Know20 Slang Terms for Law Enforcement Personnel

World Wars from 1865 to Present Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

World Wars from 1865 to Present - Essay Example The war is termed as the first war of the 20th century. The rivalry was because of the rivalry between Russia and Japan over Korea and Manchuria. The war was fought majorly around Liaodong Peninsula and Mukden as well as Japan, the Yellow Sea, and Korea. Efforts by Japan to have a mutual understanding where Russia would take control of Manchuria while Japan owning Korea hit a snag. The result led to Japanese troops attacked Russia at the Russian eastern fleet at Port Arthur in Liaotung province. Later on, Japan defeated Russia in a series of battles that led to the balances of power among the countries in the Asian east.The war was also called the global war. The war was fought in every continent of the planet with a vast majority of nations either being on the axis or allies front. Most major military powers invested a lot in the war. An estimated 60-80 million people are said to have died during this war that lasted 6 years. The axis was led by Germany, Japan, and Italy whereas the allies were led by British, China, etc. The war was engineered by Hitler who wanted to rule over Europe and the world at large. He killed millions of Jews in an effort to wipe them from the world. Several allied powers tried not to attack, but the advancement and rate at which Germany and her allies attacked and put other countries under control became a concern. The war ended with allies leading an all attack on Germany and the capture of Berlin by Soviet and Polish troops forcing Germany to surrender on 8th May 1945.

Negative And Positive Impacts of Globalization On Developing And Essay

Negative And Positive Impacts of Globalization On Developing And Developed Countries - Essay Example This is because while the countries participate in international trade and allows for importation and exportation of commodities across their borders, the value of flow in the opposite directions is different. The countries export lowly valued products such as agricultural outputs at low costs to developed countries while they import highly valued finished industrial products at high costs. Globalization therefore induces a negative balance of trade on the developing countries, a factor that is reflected on the countries’ economic status (Simpson, 2007). Such has been the case in the Sub Saharan nations and their cities such as Lagos that rely on exportation of cheap commodities with limited bargaining power. Developing countries have also suffered from increased unemployment rates because o globalization with countries such as Nigeria and Kenya loosing as high as 30 percent opportunities to retrenchment (Oduwaye, 2006). The countries’ narrow market base for their expor ts identifies another negative effect of globalized trade. While most of the countries specialize in perishable agricultural commodities, their markets are narrowed to few countries, a factor that identifies high risks of market volatility. Economic instability in case of breached link between two economies therefore leads to loss in the value of commodities that cannot be stored for a long time. Such loses may also occur due to temporary diplomatic challenges and communication barriers. Declining trend in productivity of the countries’ exports has also worsened their trade deficits (Simpson, 2007). Developing countries have also failed to reap the full benefits of globalization especially with respect to capital transfer across territories. While... This paper stresses that developed countries have derived significant benefits from globalization, especially with respect to globalized trade. Specialization in fields of production has for example led to economic advantages towards higher revenues and living standards. Specialization for example allows for efficiencies and innovation towards cost effectiveness and development of diversified products for a wider market towards higher gross income. Globalization also avails cheap commodities in the developed countries to ensure affordability. Similarly, allowance for transfer of physical property, as has been the case in the United States’ industries has facilitated efficiencies in production processes. Mobility of intellectual property into developed countries also facilitates â€Å"technological developments and innovation† that can be applied for economic advantages. Most export industries also offer higher wage rate to their employees and this improves peopleâ€℠¢s economic and social status. Another benefit of globalization on developed countries is the freedom of movement of capital that allows their investors to explore countries whose interest rates are relatively lower than domestic rates. This report makes a conclusion that globalization has largely interlinked different part of the world through economic, social, and political integration. This is associated with a level of interdependence and identifies many impacts, negative and positive, on both developed and developing countries.

The West Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The West - Term Paper Example Western culture also includes social norm’s heritage, political system. People involved in Western culture are very religious and believe in ethical and traditional values. It is also includes a mature political system. People in Western culture mostly use new technologies in their work. Western culture is also rich in art, music, tradition, folkloric, spiritual thinking, moral tradition, literary, philosophy, social values and many more. Their spiritual thinking is powered by Biblical-Christian and the cultures like art, music are introduced by Romanticisms. Many cultural values are developed in Post- Classical Era. Graeco Romans along with Renaissance influence the valuable culture like philosophy, literacy and tradition. It is also rich with heritages of Germanic, Slavic, and many ethical groups and Celtic. Because of its richness in literary, arts, music, philosophy and many other things Western culture is different from other area’s civilization. Most of the traditional knowledge is gained from Western Canon and it is one of the major parts of Western culture. Due to the effect of cold war our earth splits in three worlds. The world on the first position is referred to as West, the second part is given to Warsaw Pact and Soviet Union and the last part is the integration of different countries like Yugoslavia, India, China and many more. The Western part includes members of NATO and many other countries that are associated with united state. Many countries like Switzerland, Ireland, Austria and Sweden are not feeling comfortable because of the happening done during cold war. Finland remains under the control of military sphere of Soviet Union and many other remaining countries remain neutral because these countries were not communalist and they were not the member of Commence. Apart from this these neutral countries were the member of EFTA and follow the culture of Western civilization. Spain joined NATO after 1982 i.e. after the end of cold war

How male and female Regard Interaction and Leadership Differences in Essay

How male and female Regard Interaction and Leadership Differences in the business communication - Essay Example This is particularly brought about by the perceived inferiority of women, a notion that is largely driven by historical gender inequalities. Despite the extant differences, its should also be noted that they do not form a basis for stereotyping whereby one gender is considered as having better or more advanced communication skills and thus better placed to be effective and competent leaders. On the contrary, in spite of the differences, experience has shown that men and women are still able to meet certain goals and emerge as business leaders with equally effective and good communication skills (Winter, Neal and Waner, 2001). This paper, therefore, explores the differences in how males and females regard interactions and leadership in business setting by looking at the physiological and psychological gender differences, task differences, expertise differences, differences in communication and leadership styles and draws on a conclusion on how they impact on their roles as leaders in at the work place. Gender Differences Men and women are two distinct genders with totally different physiological attributes as evident in the manner in which they act, communicate and methods they employ to influence others around them. These gender differences in communication and influence tactics have a significant role to play in defining their leadership styles at the workplace. Academic research has shown that men have a higher likelihood of being chosen as leaders than men while women generally take considered to take a backstage position and deal with everyday tasks. This is mainly because men and women view the purpose of communication from totally two different perspectives. While men use communication as a way of exerting dominance over others and achieving tangible results, women employ language as a medium of enhancing social connections and creating durable relationships with those around them (Wood, 1996). Another physiological difference between men and women is tha t while the female gender is generally considered to be more expressive, cautious and courteous in their verbal interactions with others, men on the other hand are more assertive, and power hungry (Basow and Rubenfield, 2003). It is these differences in the physiological and psychological nature of the two genders that make men to be likely chosen as leaders as they are more assertive and always desire to posses power, while women, showing tentativeness in their interactions, usually stay in the background and are mainly involved in the everyday tasks. John Gray (1992) identified different communication styles depicted by men and women, suggesting that men are more likely to be goal oriented and are mainly driven by the desire to achieve results. Women on the other hand vale fostering of relations and mainly define desired accomplishments by the type of relationships they build over time. More are more of introverts when it comes to dealing with problem situations as they prefer to keep to themselves while women prefer to talk out issues and involve the opinion of others. Task Differences One difference that stands out between men and w

The Religious Life of Planet Earth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Religious Life of Planet Earth - Essay Example Therefore, I set criteria that helped me determine the devoutness of people on planet Earth: their one God, the prophet who serves as the people’s leader, the holy book which provides people spiritual guidance, and scriptures or teachings that impact people’s values and behaviors. Before I further describe the criteria which I established for my religious quest on planet Earth, I believe it would be necessary to endeavor to define what religion on planet Earth means. Different perspectives offer different definitions of the term â€Å"religion.† In its very essence, religion on Earth symbolizes its people’s relationship with a supernatural being, or a deity, who is believed to have control over some aspects of living and of the world (Idinopulos, 1998). People call this supernatural being differently: some call it their â€Å"God,† while others call it their â€Å"Allah.† Nonetheless, this supernatural being helps people in understanding the world and the meaning and importance of human existence. This understanding provides structure and stability within their society, and exposits the undertakings and purposes for the humankind (Idinopulos, 1998). ... They further believe that their God controls all forms of life on the planet and therefore has the ability to take all these life forms back. As much as possible, people on the planet endeavor to live rightfully and spiritually to make their God happy and satisfied. In addition, for an institution to be considered as religion there needs to be a certain character, a prophet as they call it, that serves as the people’s leader. This prophet possesses supernatural abilities and extraordinary characters which allow the prophet to speak to their one God and provide guidance to the people. In short, the prophet is the messenger of God. Apart from their God and prophet, another common criterion of religions on Earth is the holy book. Every religion on the planet has a holy book that provides guidance for humanity to the right direction for salvation that shows the way to paradise (Elsaie, n.d.). The holy book, in addition, outlines the actions and behaviors which are morally acceptab le for the institution, and clearly summarizes the divine standards that people have to follow. Lastly, religious groups of people on Earth involve devotional and ritual teachings which contain the moral code governing the values and behavior of human matters. In order to further scrutinize the truth behind the criteria I set for my religious investigation on Earth, I looked deeper at the three major religious beliefs on Earth based on number of adherents: Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism (Adherents.com, 2007). On planet Earth, there are approximately 1.9 billion Christians, or 33% of the world’s entire population (Adherents.com, 2007). It is believed to be the largest religion on the planet. Christianity believes

The Role of The Teacher Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Role of The Teacher - Essay Example The idea of nurseries dates back to the seventeenth century in Europe and the number of full-time child care centers in The United Kingdom now exceeds 11,5000. It is widely publicized by psychologists and other specialized fields of the child learning that these early years are the most important learning years of a child? life. A child formative invariably shape the rest of a child? being. Therefore, it is fair to say that the Nursery teacher has an enormous responsibility in the care of our young minds and although it is usually for only four or five hours a day they will have a huge influence on our children's early experiences and memories. The nursery teacher needs to be a special type of person with the patience and caring to be able to interact with the children on their level as well as communicate with the parents in the same caring but adult manner. It is essential that they create a safe and joyous learning environment for the children and prepare daily, creative and fun l essons with outdoor activities to encourage the development of coordination and motor skills.?children From Well-Implemented Programs Continue Showing Gains in School AchievementSeifert.2004) and studies have shown that the likelihood of antisocial behavior or a need for special extra education are significantly less than that of a child who enters school without experiencing preschool education. Qualifications and Training Each individual employer will have their own personal requirements for the teachers that they hire. The first move in becoming a nursery teacher will be to accomplish a qualified teacher status. ?o Become A Nursery Teacher In A State School, You Must Gain Qualified Teacher Status(QTT)(Directgov,2010). You will achieve this by completing either undergraduate, postgraduate,school-centered or work based on Initial Teacher Training(ITT). (Di On top of the academic achievements required, an employee will be looking for teachers with a strong knowledge of the subjects and activities they will teach. They will be looking for communication skills and an ability to instill trust and confidence in their charges and with an understanding of a child's personal, physical and emotional needs. Patience and creativity will be traits that will be strongly favored. There is the opportunity for the Nursery Teacher to advance their career and maybe become a center director or even, with further studies move on to Kindergarten through to grade three. Likely Daily Issues In child care facilities it is children, usually from 1 to 4 years old that are being cared for and the main key issue is that you are providing non-maternal care. That being the case many days to day problems will arise that the nursery teacher will need to deal with.?abies Don't Only Need Constant Care, They Need Consistent Care.(Leach,2004,p.13). With changing in staffing on a regular basis through shortly staffed split shifts, sick leave and holidays the child is receiving a number of differ ent mother figures and this can be a problem unless each carer gives the child the same, manner of care, attention, and discipline as it is imperative that the child be treated with consistency. This is just one of the key issues the nursery teacher will need to address. Another major issue is dealing with problem children and they will always be there. Tantrums, hitting, biting are all issues that have to be dealt with by the teacher. Decisions on how to best handle them and minimize the disruptions to the other children have to be made. How to discipline a child that you are not the parent of to appropriate effect is a major issue of the child care worker.  Ã‚  

The Religious Life of Planet Earth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Religious Life of Planet Earth - Essay Example Therefore, I set criteria that helped me determine the devoutness of people on planet Earth: their one God, the prophet who serves as the people’s leader, the holy book which provides people spiritual guidance, and scriptures or teachings that impact people’s values and behaviors. Before I further describe the criteria which I established for my religious quest on planet Earth, I believe it would be necessary to endeavor to define what religion on planet Earth means. Different perspectives offer different definitions of the term â€Å"religion.† In its very essence, religion on Earth symbolizes its people’s relationship with a supernatural being, or a deity, who is believed to have control over some aspects of living and of the world (Idinopulos, 1998). People call this supernatural being differently: some call it their â€Å"God,† while others call it their â€Å"Allah.† Nonetheless, this supernatural being helps people in understanding the world and the meaning and importance of human existence. This understanding provides structure and stability within their society, and exposits the undertakings and purposes for the humankind (Idinopulos, 1998). ... They further believe that their God controls all forms of life on the planet and therefore has the ability to take all these life forms back. As much as possible, people on the planet endeavor to live rightfully and spiritually to make their God happy and satisfied. In addition, for an institution to be considered as religion there needs to be a certain character, a prophet as they call it, that serves as the people’s leader. This prophet possesses supernatural abilities and extraordinary characters which allow the prophet to speak to their one God and provide guidance to the people. In short, the prophet is the messenger of God. Apart from their God and prophet, another common criterion of religions on Earth is the holy book. Every religion on the planet has a holy book that provides guidance for humanity to the right direction for salvation that shows the way to paradise (Elsaie, n.d.). The holy book, in addition, outlines the actions and behaviors which are morally acceptab le for the institution, and clearly summarizes the divine standards that people have to follow. Lastly, religious groups of people on Earth involve devotional and ritual teachings which contain the moral code governing the values and behavior of human matters. In order to further scrutinize the truth behind the criteria I set for my religious investigation on Earth, I looked deeper at the three major religious beliefs on Earth based on number of adherents: Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism (Adherents.com, 2007). On planet Earth, there are approximately 1.9 billion Christians, or 33% of the world’s entire population (Adherents.com, 2007). It is believed to be the largest religion on the planet. Christianity believes

Work of Art History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Work of Art History - Essay Example At the same time he was developing his own style, Rodin was joined by Realists and Impressionists who brought new perspectives to painting, and thus public perception of art changed as well. In 1907, Rodin crafted The Hand of God, which he had modeled around 1896. The sculpture shows a single hand as its central subject, and it holds within it a raw stone. This stone also features the smooth figures of man and woman, who are being fashioned into organic forms from the rough material, showing God in the process of creation much as the sculptor goes through such a process. In analyzing this sculpture, it is first necessary to use one's eyes to see what it presents—the content, the subject matter, the forms and shapes. The sculpture, as mentioned, features a large, strong hand, set apart from the body so that the hand itself is the subject. The hand juts forth from a rough base, an uncut and unpolished piece of stone marble. Within the hand, we see a smaller version of the same c ontrast—there are two human bodies, intertwined, one man and one woman, and they are attached to a backdrop of raw marble with no deliberation alterations. Examining the sculpture from different angles reveals different contrasts, as one side shows only the fingers gripping the stone, while another angle would put the focus on the human figures within the stone and the hand. The texture of the human elements is smooth and curved, while the rest of the marble is straight, jagged, and not at all organic. The sculpture can be seen as divided into three parts—the largest part being the hand, the next mot important being the two human figures, and then the backdrop of uncut stone being the supplementary part. As a sculpture, color is not used, but form doubles its centrality by gaining a third dimension that is not quite present in any painting. The artist was able to create a center of a attention with ease by having the hand sit squarely in the center of its base and come upward, with the fingers slightly curled in order to create a cylindrical shape that also suggest motion. The lack of rigidity in the hand gives it a more lifelike appearance, just as the somewhat fetal and relaxed human forms of the man and woman give an impression that they are alive and movable, rather than striking any sort of pose that lacks life and flexibility. The artist also creates a contrast between the live and non live parts of the sculpture by having a deep groove between the body parts and the rough stone. In a way, there is a sort of trench, and this has the effect of making the body parts pop out from the stone, not specifically separated but still having a clear gap and change of depth. This is his way of establishing an aesthetic difference between the two elements, while the scale is used to develop a difference between the bodies and the hand. The texture of the body parts helps to create a beauty that is set apart from the stone as well, so the viewer clearly considers the difference between the two and realizes which is more attractive. The meaning of the sculpture is rather easy to interpret on the surface, but perhaps has deeper parts. Foremost, it shows symbolic process of creation of humanity by the more powerful and larger â€Å"hand of God†. The difference between textures shows that life comes from something raw, and God cleaves life out of what is lifeless. The lack of body for God shows that the hands are the focus, as the hand of God is the doing and creating part of him, the tools that he used to change earth into man. On top of this basic theme of creation by God from rough material into life and beauty, we also get a second meaning of creation—that of the artist or the sculptor. The symbolism about divinity is displayed in

Human nature Essay Example for Free

Human nature Essay Human nature has always emphasized on achieving more. As the history prevail the first ever invention of human was a wheel, and ever since the development of wheel, the mankind has always been in a continuous strive to achieve more. Information is an integral part of human life and the technology has always played an eminent role to increase the lifestyle and living standards of mankind. Communication has always been the core point of interest for people and this is one aspect where the research will continue to eternity. (Rhoton, 2001) Samuel Morse who is considered as one of the pioneer of communication through the development of telegraph was able to give birth to the term information technology. The information technology is totally dependent upon research. Up till now billions of dollars have been spent on the research of communication and information technology. The profound period that affected the development of IT was development of ENIAC computer in the era of 1950s. (OBrien, 2008) Through the development of ENIAC large amount of calculations were easily completed by the machine and it was used as multipurpose machine for calculations and programming. The speed and flexibility was very high due to which it made a huge impact in World War II. After the development of ENIAC computers were developed in a similar pattern. The need was recognized by different people and researches were conducted to develop such a machine that could automate some difficult processes. (Rappaport , 2002) The development of computers to cell phones to laptops, all were pretty much predictable as they were developed in the need of the hour. The progress of technology has always been a progress of speed and memory, but now in the modern era the three factors that are very important in the technology research are speed, memory and portability. In the future we can assume that we will witness more speed in machines, with high memory storage and high level of portability. References OBrien, J. (2008) Managment Information Systems (pp. 239) Rappaport, Theodore (2002). Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice. Prentice Hall. Rhoton, John (2001). The Wireless Internet Explained. Digital Press.

Air Compressor Systems Introduction

Air Compressor Systems Introduction Air Compressor System provides high pressure compressed air with subsequent reduction in volume for a range of industrial and domestic applications. They have become imperative equipment in almost every industry. Due to its high efficiency, feasible operational parameters and diverse range of applications, they have gained widespread popularity and no industry is complete without a compact compressor system. The primary objective of this report is to understand the importance of air compressor systems. In addition, the report covers a wide spectrum of compressor applications and processes. The different types of compressors, along with their merits and demerits have been delineated. The important operational parameters have been defined along with their importance in the compression process. Air is free, whereas compressed high pressure air is not. True to the phrase, generating high pressure compressed air is not an economical and energy efficient process. High initial and maintenance costs can increase the overall compressor cost to a great extent. Proper and well maintained compressor systems can reduce energy consumption from 30-50%. Various steps to reduce energy consumption and increase overall efficiency have been detailed in the report. For a practical application of compressor acumen, a case study has been conducted on an ELGI Compressor which is under operation in Arabian Cement Industry. With the data collected from the study, certain operational parameters were calculated and corresponding inferences were drawn. At the end of the study, we are able to conclude the current state of the compressor and detail certain steps to improve efficiency and compressor performance. The future of air compressor systems has been a constant research topic among industrialists. The modern techniques of Heat Recovery Systems in air compressors and use of Variable Speed Drives have been briefly detailed to provide a view into a bright future of air compressor systems. CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Air Compressor Systems In most industrial applications, compressed air is considered as the fourth utility, preceded by the three essential utilities; water, electricity and natural gas. Typically, a simple air compressor is an industrial device that intakes ambient air and increases the pressurewith reduction in volume by doing work on the working fluid, namely air or gas. The primary objective of employing a compressor is to provide high pressure air using least possible power consumption. The compression can occur in any one of the three ways; adiabatic, isothermal or polytropic. For an Adiabatic compression process, there is assumed to be no heat loss or gain from the system. When the temperature of air at inlet equals temperature of compressed air at outlet, the compression process is Isothermal. Normally, a typical compression process involves Polytropic Compression. The pressure, temperature and volume of air it inlet and outlet vary with the respective conditions. The least possible work of compression is achieved in an adiabatic compression process as the net work done by the system is zero. [1] The adiabatic efficiency is the maximum possible compressor efficiency and compressors are designed with compressor efficiencies such that, there is little or no variation among the two. As mentioned earlier, compressed air is considered a utility because of their diverse applications in various industrial and metallurgical operations. The compressed air supply is clean, convenient, safe and flexible for use. Industrial uses can be attributed to when they are in connection with compressed air motors for functioning of pneumatic tools, raw material conveying through ducts, in connection with a reservoir for storage of compressed air for future applications. 1.2 Historical Background The earliest documented use of the compressor dates back to around 4th century B.C. In those times, the compressor was termed as a water organ. The water organ was invented by Ctesibius of Alexandria. The design comprised of a chamber filled with air and water, a water pump, collection of pipes of various dimensions and connecting tubes and valves. The mechanism of operation was relatively simple; by pumping water into the chamber, the air gets compressed. [2] With advancement of time and technology, various improvements and innovations were made to the water organ. In 1808, the Multi Stage Axial Compressor, designed by John Dumball, came into industrial application. However, this design did not achieve wide-spread popularity because the compressor comprised of moving blades without stationary blades to transfer the air flow into the successive compression stage. During the 19th century, the invention of the Roots Blower was a huge step leading to invention of modern air compressor systems. Philander and Francis Roots designed the Roots blower, while devising a suitable replacement for the water wheel at their woolen mill. The roots blower consisted of numerous impeller pairs rotating in opposite directions.[3] Dr. Franze Stolze designed the modern compressor in 1900; which comprised of a multi stage axial flow compressor with a combustion chamber, multi-stage axial turbine along with a regenerator to heat the discharged air utilizing exhaust waste gases. 1.3 Applications of Compressed Air High pressure compressed air is widely used for industrial and domestic applications due to their high efficiency and facile operational nature. The powering of pneumatic equipment is one of the major applications of compressed air. Pneumatic tools are lighter, deliver more power and not prone to overloading, unlike electric motor run equipment. Compressed air driven tools can achieve high overall torque and optimum speed in a short span of time. They are safer as compared to electric driven tools because of no spark conditions and less overheating. [4] Compressed air is also used for raw material transport, combustion processes; such as oxidation, thermodynamic operations; such as refrigeration and cryogenics. Filtration, aeration and dehydration processes are also driven by compressed air. Non-industrial applications of compressed air include transportation, mining and agriculture.[5] 1.4 Components of Air Compressor System Due to the diverse applications of compressed air, air compressor systems merit an intricate and complex design. Air compressor systems consist of a number of sub-systems and components, which include the air compressor, motor and drive unit, control systems, air inlet filters, air dryers, after-coolers and various other retrofitted components. During the operation of an air compressor system, the ambient air is taken into the system by air inlet filters. The motor and gear unit powers the compressor system to increase the pressure of air. The primary function of an integrated control system is to regulate the amount of air intake and air discharge from the system. Treatment equipment, such as an Air Dryer and Air Separator are used to remove contaminants and provide moisture and oil free pressurized air. The Outlet and Distribution systems play the pivotal role of transporting the compressed air to the various required sources. In typical industrial applications, the pressurized air is stored in an Air Reservoir or Storage Tank for future use. The major components of an air compressor are detailed below: Intake Air Filter: Ambient air enters the compressor via inlet air filters. Filtration elements in intake filters facilitate filtration of particulate matter present in air. This allows the entry of clean and dry air into the compressor. Compressor Cooling: A substantial amount of heat is generated during compressor process. As a result, cooling and lubrication of the system is mandatory for reducing wear and damage to the compressor spares; thereby increasing compressor efficiency. Compressors are normally cooled using air, water or oil (lubricant). [6] Inter-Stage Coolers: Inter coolers act as heat exchangers to lower the temperature of air before it enters into successive stages of compression.[7] This reduction of temperature is paramount to reduce the overall compression work and increase compressor efficiency. After-Coolers: After coolers are employed at the end of compression process to lower the discharge temperature of air. During this final stage of operation, as the temperature is lowered, moisture present in air condenses and separated from the discharge air. Air Separators: Separators act as an enhanced after-cooler. Theyare installed either after an inter-cooler or after-cooler to desiccate discharge air. Air-Dryers: Normally, after the compressed air has passed through all the above mentioned equipment, discharge air is passed into the air-dryer before storage in the reservoir. The air that reaches the dryer is saturated. If this saturated air enters the piping, it can lead to corrosion and damage to the transport equipment. The Relative Humidity (moisture content) in atmospheric air is relatively high. When this air is compressed at high pressure, it occupies a small volume and high temperature. At a specific temperature, all the moisture present in air condenses. This temperature is known as Dew Point. This process is cycled in an air-dryer to ensure that moisture-free air reaches the storage area.[8] Pressure Regulators/Flow Controller: PFCs are auxiliary equipmentthat minimizes pressure drops in the system by stabilizing system pressure. Lubrication: Lubrication is a paramount need for effective compressed air operation. A lubricator is employed to lubricate and cool the moving parts and prevent overheating. In some systems, the lubricator is retrofitted with a compressed filter and pressure flow regulator to fashion a system known as Filter Regulator Lubricant (FRL).[10] Air Receivers: The high pressure compressed air from the system is discharged to a storage tank or an air-receiver according to the demand. The capacity and type of air receiver varies depending on the demand of compressed air within the system. For spasmodic demand of compressed air, a large capacity reservoir is employed for a relatively small capacity compressor. Moreover, a receiver functions depending on demand, thereby reducing overwork and load on the compressor. Air Transport and Distribution System: The final stage in a compression process is the proper distribution of compressed air to the demand points. A common distribution system includes piping, valves and hoses. To minimize the pressure drop during distribution, it is imperative that the pipe length is kept minimum and diameter to maximum.

Suffering in Cormac McCarthy’s All the Pretty Horses Essay -- Cormac M

Suffering in Cormac McCarthy’s All the Pretty Horses In All the Pretty Horses, Cormac McCarthy tells the tale of John Grady Cole’s quest to capture the ideal qualities of a cowboy as he sees them: laid-back, unfettered, nomadic and carefree attitudes. These qualities soon clash, however, with the reality of darkness, suffering and mystery that seems to follow him. Reality constantly subverts his ideal dream. Time and time again, John Grady Cole works to be this fantasy, but through reality’s constant rejection of his fantasy, he lives the dream. John Grady Cole starts on his journey to live the dream of a cowboy with his companion, Rawlin. Both are searching for a better life as they wander the plains waiting for adventure. The bump in the previously smooth road arises from Blevin, a thirteen-year-old boy, eager to join the adventurous party. Only after persistent persuasion, a valuable horse and an impressive demonstration of skill, John Grady and Rawlin allow Blevin to join them. Not long after, the characters face their first challenge; during a thunderstorm Blevin stripes himself of any metal and clothing because of his fear of lightning. When morning comes, naked Blevin has lost everything: clothes, horse and rifle. Continuing their journey, they ride into the village of Encantada to discover someone else has possessed Blevin horse and rifle. Eager to recapture his own possessions, Rawlin predicts trouble because of Blevin’s prides, however, John Grady decides to be true to his heart and help Blevin to retrieve his horse and rifle. The situation creates tension between the reality of the consequences and the fantasy of a cowboy. The tension results in disaster. The friends leave Encantada b... ...er and roam. In this vast land uninhabited between the United States and Mexico, John Grady encounter three men. â€Å"The man studied his eyes in the firelight† (McCarthy 281), looking for truth and honesty. This is who John Grady wanted to be. â€Å"Men of the country† (McCarthy 281). This was John Grady’s dream, his quest, laid out physically in front of him, but a struggle is created from the dream-like image of these men and the reality of becoming these men, although, John Grady has yet to reach this point. As the curtains close, John Grady rides off into the sunset, into vast plains, searching for the ideal qualities of a cowboy he will never find because of the unrealistic nature of his fantasy. For John Grady to live the dream, conflict between reality and fantasy leads to pain, suffering and darkens, forcing John Grady on a never-ending search for his fantasy.

The Harmful Effects of Video Games

The Harmful Effects of Video Games By: Alan Bruestle I. Introduction: A. Video games, the ability to leave reality via controller, and glowing screen of color and bliss. A escape from life through the form of technological entertainment that has been developed and passed down to generations for decades. So why does society have such a big dispute over the use of video games? B. Many people believe that video games are only a source of fun and entertainment. Although there is truth in that video games give pleasure to the user, not many notice and realize the harmful effects that they have on society.C. Should video games be changed in a manner that the harmful content is removed completely from the entertainment? Should society limit or keep the certain content of video games to a minimum, or should everything be left the same? I believe that video games should be limited and a law should be passed that restricts the use of video games to people who acquire a problem in their life. D . The laws I believe that should be placed would be the results from effects on society, due to video games.The three main points that have really been noticed in society is the increase in physical effects, mental effects, and graphic influence. II. Explanation of Problems/Need A. Definitions 1. Physical – Overall Health, Disorders 2. Mental – Addiction, Social Isolation, Learning 3. Graphic Influence – Drugs, Nudity, Graphic violence B. Background/Causes/Effect 1. Background a. Many years old b. Multi billion dollar industry c. Demand won't collapse d. Technology grows. Demand increase. e. Society always impacted. 2. Causes a. Features become better b. Consumer desire alternate life . Difference 3. Effects a. Alternate life fills boredom. b. Violence increases aggression. c. Might mimic characters. d. Users perspective addiction, forget life. e. Designers satisfy older age group. f. Can influence all age groups. III. Physical A. Overall Health. 1. Obesity 2. S eizures B. Disorders 1. Postural, Muscular, Skeletal 2. Tendonitis, Nerve compression, Carpal tunnel syndrome IV. Mental A. Addiction 1. Lost sense of reality 2. Social Isolation B. Behavior 1. Mimic video games 2. Aggressive behaviors maybe become worse. C. Style of learning 1.Mastery leading to constant play 2. Rewarded for game play. Violence = Reward V. Graphic Influence A. Violence 1. Resolving to aggression. 2. Using violence in real life. B. Influence. 1. In game content. Drugs, violence, nudity, profanity 2. Higher drug and crime rates. Lower school rate. VI. Counter Arguement. A. Health related 1. Some games involve physical movement. 2. Used to practice work. Ex. Doctors 3. Increased brain activity from puzzles 4. Increased Hand eye coordination B. Miscellaneous 1. Multi billion industry 2. Simply entertaining VII. Conclusion A.With the problems that come with most video games, should they be changed to better our society and fix some of the problems? B. The possibility of physical effects, mental effects, and graphic influence caused by video games, make it seem like the risk of playing most of them are not worth the risk to society.Associated Content from Yahoo! – Associatedcontent. om. Web. 24 Nov. 2010. . â€Å"The Good and Bad Effects of Video Games. † Raise Smart Kid. Web. 23 Nov. 2010. . â€Å"The Impact of Video Games on Society – by Tegan Mcrae – Helium. † Helium – Where Knowledge Rules. Web. 24 Nov. 2010. . â€Å"Teen-Rated Video Games Loaded With Violence – News Room. † Children's Hospital Boston. Web. 24 Nov. 2010. . â€Å"Video Game Addiction. † WebMD – Better Information. Better Health. Web. 23 Nov. 2010. . â€Å"Violent Video Games – Psychologists Help Protect Children from Harmful Effects. † American Psychological Association (APA). Web. 24 Nov. 2010. .

Credit Rating Agencies Role in Financial Crisis

1. Credit rating agencies present one of the key problems in reconfiguring the global financial architecture. Why? What are the options? What is the most likely solution? * The rating agencies present one of the key problems because they were behind the rating of the complex CDOs as well as taking an active part in creating these mortgage-related products which created conflict of interest. The ratings given to the CDO tranches did not effectively disclose the true credit quality of the underlying securities which contained a much higher default probabilities. * Options: * More regulations by SEC to control the â€Å"issuer pays† model. â€Å"To correct the competition problem within the â€Å"issuer pays† model, the SEC could place limits on the competition that occurs among the rating agencies. † (Acharya & Richardson, 2009) * â€Å"An alternative structure (†¦) would be for the SEC to create a department that houses a centralized clearing platform for ra ting agencies. † (Acharya & Richardson, 2009) * Another option is to deregulate the industry and allow free-market competition forces to shape its further growth and development which could bring in players like Bloomberg that would offer bond rating as a value-added services to its clientele. Most likely solution: * Although it is a very complex situation and it would require a series of regulatory changes, a regulatory oversight agency that would closely monitor the rating agencies and act as an intermediary in matching the issuers with the rating agencies. 2. Greece is in trouble. Why? Fast-forward 5 years and describe the most likely outcome of the current problems and their consequences for global banking and financial markets. * Greece is in trouble because it has failed to keep under controls its ballooning debt and accumulated a total national debt of over 113% of the country’s GDP. In April and May of this year Greece has to repay a total of $23 billion of its maturing government bonds which raised the question of whether it will be able to refinance the debt at its current financial state. * It has come to light that Greece used a series of financial transactions facilitated by Goldman Sachs to make its financials appear much nicer to adhere to the EU requirements of the member countries having to maintain the budget deficit under 3% of GDP. â€Å"†¦concerns about Greece's high level of debt led the three main international credit ratings agencies to downgrade Greek government bonds in January, so when Greece issued its bonds, it had offer them at much higher interest rates (five percent higher than those offered on benchmark German bonds) in order to attract investors. † (Fleeson) * Depending on how EU deals with the Greece problem, the Euro zone could become stronger in the outcome or it could face a moral hazard when more of the problematic EU c ountries (Portugal, Ireland, and Spain) encounter the same problem as Greece and will expect EU to bail them out. If Greece is allowed to default on its international debt it will put pressure on the entire Euro zone and will make it more problematic for Portugal, Ireland, and Spain, who have â€Å"ratios of debt to gross domestic product that are three times higher than the EU ceiling of three percent†, to borrow in the near future. (Fleeson) * If EU backs Greece, it will be more easier for the country to borrow at favorable rates and it will ease the pressure from the speculators which were betting against Greece and aggravating the problem even more. On a more positive note, the fact that the euro has weakened during the past four months as a result of the situation with Greece has the made the European goods relatively cheaper and export conditions more favorable. * Most likely outcome is that EU will eventually back Greece in some shape or form, once the member countries can agree on the measures, to keep it from defaulting and impose stricter economic rules on the members to adhere to in order to create sounder economic environments. â€Å"†¦analysts say that supportive talk (and even credit guarantees) will probably not be enough to salvage Greece’s finances and that ultimately the country is likely to need a package of loans put together by other EU governments and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). † (Fleeson) * â€Å"As part of the deal being forged in Brussels, Germany and France are demanding that the eurozone rewrite its rule book about economic convergence, including sanctions against governments (such as Greece’s) that deceive their EU partners about their real financial situation. (Maudave) * â€Å"The emergence of changes of this sort, including effective measures of discipline against offending eurozone countries, the new fiscal discipline and beginning of collective economic governance among the eurozon e countries, could be an important step forward to the EU’s global clout. Such progress toward economic coherence and credibility could amount to progress on a par with the Lisbon treaty – and, for the long run, a silver lining to the current economic hardship being inflicted on the EU economies. (Maudave) References Viral Acharya, Matthew Richardson. â€Å"Restoring Financial Stability: How to Repair a Failed system. † New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. , 2009. Print Tony Spadaccia. â€Å"U. S. is Resembling Greece’s Economic Decline. † The Breeze, March 18, 2010. Web. Sat. 20 March, 2010 ; http://breezejmu. org/2010/03/18/us-is-resembling-greeces-economic-decline/; Will Fleeson. â€Å"Sovereign Debt Liable to Overwhelm System in the EU’s Five â€Å"PIIGS†. † The European Institute, February 2010. Web. Fri. 2 March, 2010 Will Fleeson. â€Å"Euro Zone Acts to Dodge Greece's Bullet — But More to Come From PIIGS? † The European Institute, February 2010. Web. Fri. 12 March, 2010 http://www. europeaninstitute. org/February-2010/euro-zone-may-dodge-the-bullet-from-greece. html Basil Maudave. â€Å"EU Bail-Out For Greece? Time Has Come, Reportedly, To Do It — With Conditions. † The European Institute, March 2010. Web. Fri. 12 March, 2010 Arthur E. Wilmarth, Jr. â€Å"Controlling Systemic Risk in an ERA of Financial Consolidation. †

Why do people migrate

Sample Brainstorm and Outline Topic: Why do people tell lies? (a focus-on-causes essay) Brainstorm: Ashamed of the truth Make them look better Don't want to tell someone the truth if it's uncomfortable Politicians: want to get votes Children: don't want to get In trouble Afraid of the consequences of the truth Don't remember the truth So common for them that it's habit Don't realize they're lying Example: Bill Clinton didn't want the truth of his affair to come out Example: child with chocolate on face, doesn't want to get In trouble for eating candy Example: witness In a trial can't remember what happened b/c he was drunk at the timeExample: wife asks: do you think I'm fat? Husband says: of course not because he wants her to be happy Example: someone is dying but family doesn't want to tell the children because they'll be scared Outline: l. Introduction a. Lying Is common In all parts of human life b. Parents Ill to children, children lie to parents c. Everyone believes politicians lie d. People lie for good and bad reasons II. Afraid of the consequences if the truth is known a. Bill Clinton lied about an affair he had while he was President of the U. S. I. He didn't want to lose his Job n. He TLD want the affair to be talked about more than politics b.A child Is caught eating candy before dinner I. Doesn't want to get in trouble Also might think the parents don't really know the truth; maybe he will get away with stealing candy Ill. Don't want to make the other person uncomfortable a. A wife asks her husband if he thinks she's fat. He lies and says no. L. He loves his wife and wants her to feel good about herself. II. He wants to convince himself that It's true also. B. A person cooks a terrible-tasting dinner and asks friends if they liked the food. I. They want to be encouraging to their friend. It. It would be rude to tell the truth. ‘V. Can't remember the truth .A witness In a trial was drunk when the event happened and doesn't remember. I. Not tryi ng to lie-?he Just doesn't remember the truth did you come to work last week? I. Employee forgets that he came later than the normal time it. Employee believes the he is telling the truth V. Conclusion a. People lie for lots of reasons. B. Some people lie to preserve a relationship c. Some people lie because they don't want to get in trouble d. Other people lie without knowing it-?they think they're telling the truth e. Lies are not good because they are not true. But sometimes we tell them with good motivation anyway. ‘says.

Contemporary Issues in World Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Contemporary Issues in World Politics - Essay Example International trade is one of the aspects of the global political economy that are prominent with regards to international relations. Foreign investment is one of the resultant aspects of economic globalization. As nations continued to advance technologically after the industrial revolution, better means of transport and communication led to the movement of investors beyond political boundaries, especially during the colonial period (Oatley, 2011). As economies expanded, trade grew and exchange of goods and services between investors from different countries continued to grow. This made international trade a phenomenon of political scrutiny. The political view point depicts foreign trade as different from domestic economic activity (Jeffrey et al. 2000). Foreign trade between different countries generates various political issues that are of interest to the nation state, particularly issues regarding the financial and military security of a country. A nation exporting products to a foreign country increases its monetary wellbeing and also promotes job creation. Nevertheless, national security may be jeopardized especially if the product is used to strengthen a foreign country’s military strength (Gilpin, 2001). For example, the discovery of gun powder by Chinese researchers in the 11th century led to a great transformation of the world order by the 17th century and subsequent centuries. China as a nation state could not achieve the military might of European countries that resulted from the application the invention of gun powder (Friedberg, 2005). On the other hand, importing leads to the development of dependency of the receiving nation on foreign countries. It also leads to a reduction in national reserves thereby contributing to inflation. Moreover, local businesses as well as the labor market are threatened. On the other hand, the importing nation may experience security concerns

Iconic shape of building relates with old city fabric Essay

Iconic shape of building relates with old city fabric - Essay Example Garz is one of the more important cities for the Slovene, in Austria, and considered as even more symbolical than Ljubljana in Slovenia. A student city for the huge daytime population of its six universities, Garz is a mix of old, historical architecture and new one, with Kunsthaus representing the new side. It is currently used as an arts and culture center focused on contemporary arts (Cook and Fournier, 11). It fits as another modern architecture for Garz as it did not follow conventional building methods but took from ship building as well as design of curves as popularized by the CAD program. The curved designs were cast and the materials were made of fiber glass using pressurized structure. As a portion of a city, the Kunsthaus Garz continues a tradition that made Garz what it is today – a popular destination for rich cultural exploration. Some of the more historical buildings include the clock tower, Karl-Franzens Universitat or the Charles-Francis University, the Unive rsity of Graz, and another contemporary urban project the Mur Island. Built environment is integral on the formation of cities or the urbanization process.

Telecommunications and Networking (cloud computing) Essay

Telecommunications and Networking (cloud computing) - Essay Example As a result of this, the most notable changes are visible in the applications and approach of the Web servers. The web servers’ functions have undergone new definition in manner in which they facilitate the clients directly or indirectly (Terry, 2010).Cloud computing is defined as a scalable infrastructure on which the servers rely their operations. The data available in the remote networks and remote infrastructure allowing ease of access and rapid transmission (ACM, 2009). Cloud computing has number of characteristics to it which make it more distinctive and unique compared to the conventional form of web servers that were in practice in past. It also provides various applications and functionalities that separate them from their predecessors. These features include software as a Service feature, platform as a service feature and finally, infrastructure as a service feature. These three factors are the characteristic attributes of the cloud computing. Other features include advanced algorithms, service oriented architecture availability, massive broadband availability. New Functionality: Virtualization is another factor characteristic of cloud computing which differentiates it from the earlier technologies that were present in the market for the purpose of clients-servers operations (Josyula, et al., 2012). Cloud computing has an edge relevant to the capital expense as well and no major deployment is needed prior to the operations. It rather targets Operation expenses. The need for internally purchased servers is also eliminated with the help of cloud computing concept. More servers’ installation is another edge which can be enjoyed in the case of incumbent technology (Terry, 2013). Advantages: Other advantages include: economic advantages, reduction in the variable costs, ease of operations, scalability, disaster recovery and handling costs control, further enhanced automated network, data security, all these are few of the advantages served by Cloud computing technologies. 2-A central challenge of cloud computing is providing scalable, secure, self-managing, and fault-tolerant data storage for long-running services. What data models are supported by existing cloud-based storage systems? What are the technical trades-offs between the key-value stores commonly provided and relational databases? How do application developers choose a particular storage system? How does one design cloud-based storage systems to ensure that a user's data survives for 100 years, even as companies come and go? The data models employed ensure scalability and flexibility enabled infrastructure. Various models are in practice for these purposes which include one dimensional vs. multi dimensional models, access path optimization, and multi data centre models. Cloudy is another model designed for the purpose of bringing about more flexibility in the cloud mechanism and system. Relational model is another model in existence that is being used by Clou d computing technique for the purpose of service providing to the clients. Key value, queue, xml are few other models being incorporated (Weiss, 2007). Tradeoff: Consideration of the pricing, service level agreements, and Application program Interface are few of the technical tradeoffs. Performance trade off is a serious factor in Read Optimized data base. Limitations in the existing setups: Allowing for